Language-based reading disorder (LBRD) is defined as

• A. A motor speech disorder affecting articulation.
• B. Reading impairment without language involvement.
• C. Reading impairment with language disorder (e.g., dyslexia).
• D. Hearing impairment causing reading difficulties.

Answer: (C)

Language-based reading disorder means reading difficulties that arise from language processing problems, not from articulation, hearing, or purely perceptual issues. In this view, reading impairment comes with a broader language disorder—touching on areas like phonological processing, vocabulary, grammar, and language comprehension. This is why it’s described as reading impairment with language disorder, with dyslexia often cited as the example.

The other possibilities don’t fit this idea: a motor speech disorder would affect how speech is produced rather than how reading is learned, a reading problem without language involvement would lack the language-processing component, and a hearing impairment would cause reading difficulties primarily due to reduced access to sound rather than a language-processing deficit.